Background: COMMUNICABLE DISEASE reporting and surveillance system has poor infrastructure and supporters in most of countries. Its quality improvement is a challenge and requires an accurate and efficient care and reporting sys-tems at all levels to achieve new and simple models. This study evaluates reporting systems of COMMUNICABLE DISEASEs using systematic review.Methods: This was a systematic review study. For data collection, we used the following database and search engines: Proquest, Science direct, Pub MED, Scopes, Springer, and EBESCO. For Persian databases, we used SID, Iranmedex and Magiran. Our key words were “COMMUNICABLE DISEASEs”, “Notifiable DISEASE”, “DISEASE Notification”, “Report-ing System”, “ Surveillance Systems” and “evaluation”. Two independent researchers reviewed the resources and the results were classified in different domains.Results: From 1889 cases, only 66 resources were studied. The results were classified in several domains, including those who were reporting, reporting methods and procedures, responsibilities and reporting system characteristics, problems and solutions of the report, the reporting process, and receptor level.Conclusion: DISEASE-reporting system has similar problems in all parts of the world. Change, improve, update and continuous monitoring of the reporting system are very important. Although the reporting process can vary in differ-ent regions, but being perfect and timely are important principles in system design. Detailed explanations of tasks and providing appropriate instructions are the most important points to integrate an efficient reporting system.

Background & Objectives: Non-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE (NCD) is a main group of DISEASEs which are responsible for a large proportion of the Global Burden of DISEASE around the world. Although disparities in the NCDs' risk factors can affect the goals of health for all, less attention has been paid so far on this topic. In this study, we investigated socio-economic inequality in the NCDs’ risk factors and evaluated the causes affecting on this inequality in Shahroud, Iran. Methods: Conducting this survey, we used surveillance data for NCD of 1000 individuals who lived in Shahroud district during 2005. We determine a socio-economic variable which explained social and economic status of the people using Principal Component Analysis. We then evaluated each NCD risk factors at different levels of the socio-economic variable and calculated concentration index for the risk factors. The causes of the inequality were described by decomposition analysis of the concentration indices.Results: Concentration indices for hypertension, smoking, insufficient physical activity, and unhealthy diet were -0.141, -0.191, -0.046 and -0.091, respectively. Differences of concentration curves of the risk factors from the line of equality were significant but not for diabetes, obesity and high blood. Age, being a government employee, being unmarried, living in rural area and low economic status were the most important factors which influence on these inequalities.Conclusion: Inequality in some NCD risk factors was significant in Shahroud district. More investigations with larger sample size and more appropriate variables to measure socioeconomic status are recommended.

Context: Diet is an important component of life and plays a key role in the prevention or development of non-COMMUNICABLE DISEASEs. The aim of this systematic review was to determine different dietary patterns and their association with non-COMMUNICABLE DISEASEs in Iranian women.Evidence Acquisition: Sources of Information: an electronic literature search was conducted on websites such as Pubmed, Science direct, Google scholar, Sid, and Iranmedex to identify original human studies, published in English and Persian up to August 2013 that included keywords or phrases relevant to the aim of this study.Results: Studies were classified into eight groups according to their objectives and outcomes, including the relationship between dietary patterns and aspects such as bone mineral density, metabolic syndrome, obesity, cardiovascular DISEASE, cancer, markers of inflammation, hypertension, coagulation abnormalities, life style and factor analysis. Compared to healthy dietary patterns, the western and Iranian patterns were positively associated with conditions related to non-COMMUNICABLE DISEASEs. The dietary approach to stop hypertension (DASH) is rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy products, and is low in saturated fat, total fat, cholesterol, refined grains, and sweets. This diet is associated with greater high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and lower body weight, waist circumference, fasting blood glucose, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and systolic and diastolic blood pressures.Conclusions: Adherence to a healthy dietary pattern is expected to secure a protective effect against non-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE.

Introduction. This fascinating disorder is also known as Sinus Histiocytosis. It is very rare, probably less than 1000 cases reported in the literature. R.D.D affects lymph nodes, although extranodal involvement has been reported such as: Centaral nervous system (CN.S). All of the cases of R.D.D with CN.S involvement without other sites involvement are 11 cases. Methods. The case is a male patient, 26y/o, with a history of head trauma 2 years ago that has been resulted to unconsciousness. He has been referred to a hospital and brain CT scan and brain M.R.I has been done for him. In M.R.I a brain tumor with left orbit and sphenoidal sinus involvement and compression effect on frontal lobe has been seen. A neurosurgeon operated him and the pathological report was Rosai-Dorfman DISEASE. Then he was referred to radiation therapy department.Results. Treatment approach in CN.S involvement cases consists of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Discussion. Over all, response has been inferior to those expected with malignant hematopoietic neoplasms.

Aims: This study was designed to evaluate the impact of an educational intervention grounded in risk perception theories aimed at the prevention and management of common non-COMMUNICABLE DISEASEs in an urban population. Materials & Methods: The study employed a semi-experimental design with two groups (intervention and control), utilizing a pre- and post-test approach. It incorporated protection motivation theory and the health belief model within an urban population in Hashtruod, focusing on non-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE prevention and care in 2023. The participant population consisted of 426 individuals, with 213 assigned to the intervention group and 213 to the control group, all randomly selected from the comprehensive health centers in Hashtrood. A questionnaire assessing personal risk perception regarding non-COMMUNICABLE DISEASEs was used, which included five dimensions: Perceived sensitivity, perceived barriers, perceived benefits, perceived self-efficacy, and behavioral intentions to change. The educational intervention, designed to enhance personal risk perception, was implemented over two sessions within a two-week period for the intervention group. Findings: The intervention based on risk perception theories significantly improved the intervention group's perceived sensitivity, perceived severity, perceived benefits, self-efficacy, and guidance for action. Conclusion: An educational intervention based on the health belief model and protection motivation theory effectively enhanced awareness constructs, behavioral intentions, perceived sensitivity, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, self-efficacy, response self-efficacy, and guidance for adopting healthy behaviors.

Background  Since 2015, the Global Burden of DISEASE Study (GBD) has measured progress in achieving healthrelated Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) annually worldwide. Little is known about the status and attainment of indicators of non-COMMUNICABLE DISEASEs (NCDs) by 65 countries from the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) proposed by China in 2013.Methods  Data from GBDs were used to estimate 24 NCD-related SDG indicators in BRI countries from 1990 to 2017. Each indicator was scored from 0 to 100 to compare multiple indicators over the study period. The natural log of the annual change in each location and year and weighted annual rates of change were used to generate projections for 2030. National-level estimates were determined by socio-demographic index (SDI) quintiles in BRI countries with more than 1 million inhabitants.Results  In 2017, the median overall score of NCD-related SDG index for the 66 BRI countries was 60 points, ranging from 29 points in Afghanistan to 84 points in Israel. More than 80% of countries achieved the SDG 2030 maternal mortality (MM) rate target in 2017, and the national skilled birth attendance rate was above 99% in more than 59% countries. However, none of the BRI countries achieved the goal for children’s overweight, modern methods of contraception, and universal health coverage. It was predicted that 80.4% of NCD-related SDG targets would be achieved in these countries by 2030. The overall score of NCD-related SDG index were positively associated with SDI quintiles.Conclusion  For many indicators, the achieved progress in many countries is less than the annual rate necessary to meet SDG targets, indicating that substantial efforts need to be made in the coming years. Progress should be accelerated through collaborations between countries, implementation of NCD prevention and control strategies, and monitoring of inequalities in NCD-related SDGs within populations.

Objectives NonCOMMUNICABLE DISEASEs are the leading causes of death and disability, globally. Moreover, the aging population is growing in the world. These issues are among major public health challenges; thus, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of nonCOMMUNICABLE DISEASEs risks factors among the elderly of Birjand City, Iran, in 2014. Methods & Materials The present cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 elderly who were selected through random cluster sampling method. Data collection was carried out using the World Health Organization STEPwise approach to nonCOMMUNICABLE DISEASEs surveillance (STEPS) instrument. Furthermore, physical assessments included measuring height, weight, waist and hip circumference and blood pressure by trained health experts. Then, the obtained data were analyzed by Chi-squared test, t-test and one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Results From 400 elderly who participated in this study, 200 persons were male and the Mean± SD age of study participants was 70± 6. 4 years. The prevalence of smoking was 10. 7%; 49% were overweight or obese, and 34. 5% had hypertension. The prevalence of abdominal obesity and physical inactivity were 63. 5% and 55%, respectively. In addition, the inadequate intake of fruits, vegetables, fish and dairy products were 73. 8%, 67. 8%, 95%, and 74. 5%, respectively. The prevalence of smoking in men, and the prevalence of obesity and overweight, physical inactivity and abdominal obesity in women were significantly higher (P<0. 01). However, there was no significant gender difference in the prevalence of hypertension (P=0. 14). Conclusion The achieved results indicated a high prevalence of nonCOMMUNICABLE DISEASEs risks factors among the studied elderly. Given the importance of the growing elderly population, planning for appropriate interventions aimed for healthier, longer and higher quality lives in the elderly should be considered by health officials and policymakers.